1.2.3 LINUX Operating System

Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. It's functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.

Components of Linux System

Linux Operating System has primarily three components

• Kernel - Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of this operating system. It is consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware details to system or application programs.
• System Library - System libraries are special functions or programs using which application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries implements most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not requires kernel module's code access rights.
• System Utility - System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual level tasks.

Fig 35: Components of Linux OS

Kernel Mode vs User Mode

Kernel component code executes in a special privileged mode called kernel mode with full access to all resources of the computer. This code represents a single process, executes in single address space and do not require any context switch and hence is very efficient and fast. Kernel runs each processes and provides system services to processes, provides protected access to hardwares to processes.

Support code which is not required to run in kernel mode is in System Library. User programs and other system programs works in User Mode which has no access to system hardwares and kernel code. User programs/ utilities use System libraries to access Kernel functions to get system's low level tasks.

Basic Features

Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.

• Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardware in same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
• Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
• Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
• Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
• Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
• Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
• Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.

Architecture

                                                       Fig 36: Architecture of Linux OS

 Linux System Architecture is consists of following layers

• Hardware layer - Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc).
• Kernel - Core component of Operating System, interacts directly with hardware, provides low level services to upper layer components.
• Shell - An interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's functions from users. Takes commands from user and executes kernel's functions.
• Utilities - Utility programs giving user most of the functionalities of an operating systems.

LINUX COMMANDS

Common Commands

1. mkdir - make directories
2. cd - change directories
3. pwd - prints the name of the current working directory
4. cp - copy files and directories
5. mv - move(or rename) files
6. echo - displays a line of text
7. sort - sort lines of text files
8. password - update a user's authentication token(s)
9. who - show who is logged on
10. kill - to kill a process (using signal mechanism)